Parkinson’s Disease (PD) Neurological II Practice Exam

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• Which statement describes a normal finding of the Doll's Eyes Test?
• Writer's cramp, blepharospasm, and spasmodic torticollis are examples of which movement disorder?
• Which dermatome is on the thumb?
• An abnormal Doll's Eyes Test finding would indicate which of the following?
• Which sign is used to assess the plantar reflex during a neurological examination?
• Which tract is responsible for voluntary refined movements of distal extremities?
• For vibration and position sense, test the ______ and ______ first. If results are normal, can assume the more ______ areas are also normal
• Abnormal stereognosis and graphesthesia indicate a lesion in which brain region?
• Which dermatome is on the outer aspect of the forearm?
• Which tract transmits sensory information about vibration?
• Which dermatome is on the inner aspect of the forearm?
• Hip extension is primarily mediated by which nerve root level through the Gluteus maximus?
• What are neurons located in the brain and brainstem whose axons descend to synapse in the spinal cord called?
• What two sexually transmitted diseases can cause neurological disorders?
• Paralysis of both legs is called?
• Spasticity indicates a problem in which neural pathway?
• What is shrinkage of a paralyzed muscle due to loss of neural connection called?
• Elbow extension relies on which nerve roots and muscle?
• The Babinski reflex is considered normal in children up to how many years old?
• Finger extension is primarily produced by which nerve and muscle?
• Patchy areas of sensory loss are characteristic of which disease?
• Which term best describes rhythmic, oscillatory involuntary movement often seen in Parkinson's disease?
• Transient ischemic attack is commonly known as which term?
• Which dermatome is associated with the anterior thigh?
• Which pathway is primarily evaluated by the pronator drift test when abnormal?
• Scissors gait is described as stiff gait with legs crossing forward on each step, seen in bilateral lower-extremity spasticity, most commonly associated with which condition?
• Which assessment tool is specifically designed to quantify a patient's response to stimuli in a coma?
• Pins and needles sensation is described as which term?
• Which statement about rigidity is true?
• Thumb abduction is primarily mediated by which nerve root levels via the Abductor pollicis brevis?
• A cerebellar dysfunction would most affect which movement task?
• Which movement disorder is described as slower, twisting, and writhing movements with large amplitude, often affecting the face and distal extremities?
• The rapid head rotation test assesses which reflex?
• Hip abduction is primarily mediated by which nerve roots via the Gluteus medius and minimus?
• What technique should be used when reflexes are diminished or absent (0 or 1+) to increase reflex activity?
• Which term describes loss of muscle tone, resulting in a floppy limb?
• If pain sensation is intact, which sensation test may be omitted during a sensory exam?
• What is the term for a subset of tics that involves repetitive jerking movements of a specific muscle group?
• Which category includes reflexes elicited by tapping a tendon?
• Patchy areas of lost sensation can be seen in which disease?
• What function does stereognosis test evaluate?
• What feature distinguishes chorea from tremors and tics?
• Which seizures are psychogenic or pseudo-seizures?
• Which action is performed by the Hamstrings?
• Flaccidity and weakness, floppy arms, and hyperextensible muscles are associated with which level of muscle tone?
• What is the abnormal Babinski plantar response?
• Which physical examination maneuver is used to assess metabolic encephalopathy?
• Which tremor is seen in cerebellar pathway disorders such as multiple sclerosis?
• An abnormal Doll's Eyes Test finding would most likely indicate which of the following?
• Which structure contains sensory fibers that transmit the sensation of light touch?
• Essential tremor is best described as which type of tremor?
• Which increased tone remains the same throughout ROM and is not velocity dependent, commonly seen in basal ganglia disorders such as Parkinson's disease?
• Pattern describing sensory loss in distal extremities is which?
• Which dermatome is on the medial aspect of each buttock (anal wink)?
• What term describes rhythmic oscillatory movements of the body?
• Stocking-glove distribution is most characteristic of which condition?
• Which are considered types of reflexes?
• Which dermatome is on the pinky toe?
• What is the term for a subset of tics involving repetitive vocal sounds that lack social function?
• Which gait is seen in foot drop due to peripheral motor unit disease?
• An abnormality in point-to-point movements suggests impairment of which brain structure?
• Which gait is described as slow to start, with short steps, and reduced arm swing?
• Irregular movements resembling athetosis or tremor, often with abnormal postures that limit voluntary movement and can be painful, are characteristic of which movement disorder?
• Pseudohypertrophy is due to replacement of muscle by which tissue?
• What term describes rapid, continuous twitching of resting muscle without movement?
• Which gait is associated with cerebral palsy?
• Which event features a deficit that continues after onset?
• Abnormal findings in nuchal rigidity, Brudzinski sign, or Kernig sign may indicate which conditions?
• Which test involves extending the arms forward with palms up, keeping them out with eyes closed, and briskly tapping the arms downward to assess subtle drift?
• Which gait is seen in cerebellar disease?
• Which type of increased muscle tone is velocity dependent and worsens with extremes of ROM, typically seen with corticospinal tract lesions?
• Hip adduction is primarily mediated by which nerve roots via the Adductors?
• Which best defines clonus?
• Which dermatome is on the front of both thighs?
• Which action is performed by the Tibialis anterior?
• Which description fits a focal seizure?
• Which movement is primarily associated with the first dorsal interosseous and abductor digiti minimi muscles?
• In the point localization test, what is the procedure?
• Which gait is described as scissors gait, commonly seen in cerebral palsy?
• Peripheral nervous system disease or spinal cord injury is typically associated with which change in muscle tone?
• Which statement corresponds to a muscle score of 3?
• Finger extension is achieved by which nerve and muscle?
• During the cremasteric reflex, what observation indicates a positive response?
• Which movement disorder features grimacing, pursing of the lips, and protrusions of the tongue and may be a late complication of antipsychotic drugs?
• Which dermatome is on both shoulders?
• Which structure is the 'little brain' at the rear of the brainstem, coordinating movement and balance?
• Which dermatome is on the inner aspect of the forearm?
• Finger abduction is associated with which nerve and muscles?
• DTR score 0 corresponds to which finding?
• Which nervous system area is primarily responsible for proprioception and position sense?
• A corticospinal tract lesion on the right side would cause hypertonia on which side?
• Spasticity indicates a problem in which neural pathway?
• What does muscle score 1 indicate?
• Which of the following is NOT a standard arousal stimulus described for comatose patients?
• The straight leg raise maneuver is used to test for which condition?
• To quantify level of consciousness in a comatose patient, which assessment would you use?
• A hallmark of lower motor neuron involvement is which combination of findings?
• A positive Romberg test indicates loss of balance, with ataxia that is sensory in nature. Which option best reflects this interpretation?
• Which type of increased tone is commonly associated with Parkinson's disease?
• Which instruments are described for eliciting the abdominal reflex?
• Which gait is described as toe clearance issues with dorsiflexor weakness and a high-stepping walk?
• What is the oculocephalic reflex commonly called?
• If a patient cannot stand with feet together regardless of eye status, this suggests a lesion in which region?
• When a muscle is relaxed and has intact nerve supply, there is a slight residual tension known as ______________
• Which movement abnormality is most classically associated with Huntington's disease?
• A parkinsonian gait suggests a lesion in which brain structure?
• Which tract terminates at cranial nerve motor nuclei to influence bulbar musculature?
• Which nerve is most likely affected in thenar atrophy?
• The slow, pill-rolling tremor is classically seen in which disease?
• Wrist extension is mediated by which nerve and muscles?
• Abnormal findings on stereognosis and graphesthesia indicate a lesion in which brain region?
• Which gait is characteristic of Parkinson disease due to basal ganglia defects?
• The finger flexor reflex, also described as the Babinski of the hand, is most appropriately categorized as which reflex?
• Slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body is called?
• Corticobulbar tract terminates at cranial nerve motor nuclei located in which region?
• If any Deep Tendon Reflexes (DTRs) are hyperreflexive, what should be tested next?
• Aging and lower motor neuron pathologies can cause what change in the muscle?
• Hip flexion is primarily mediated by which nerve roots via the Iliopsoas?
• If a patient can stand with feet together with eyes open but cannot with eyes closed, damage is to which structure and gait?
• Which dermatome corresponds to the medial malleolus?
• Which sign is not a standard meningeal sign?
• Choreiform movements typically involve which body regions?
• Which tremor is absent at rest but appears with movement and worsens as the target gets closer?
• Sensation reduced or completely absent is described as which term?
• Which statement best describes the Romberg test?
• Which neuron has its cell body in the anterior horn of the spinal cord and sends axons to peripheral muscles?
• Which test involves stroking the lateral aspect of the sole from heel to ball and then across the ball?
• Which movement is primarily tested by the deltoid muscle?
• Pathological reflexes are indicative of lesion in which neural pathway?
• Elbow flexion is mainly performed by which nerve roots and muscles?
• Winking, grimacing, and shoulder shrugging are typical examples of which movement phenomena?
• What term describes sudden, transient disturbances in brain function due to abnormal firing of nerve impulses?
• Which type of seizure involves the entire brain and typically causes loss of consciousness?
• Which movement disorder is classically seen in cerebral palsy?
• Which tremor is most prominent at rest and often diminishes with voluntary movement?
• What does a muscle score of 2 indicate in the described grading scale?
• The DTR score for a normal knee-jerk reflex is which number?
• Which movement pattern is described by arms stiffly extended, adducted, internally rotated, and legs stiffly extended with plantar flexion?
• DTR score 2+ corresponds to which finding?
• CVA stands for which medical event?
• Which dermatome is on the ankle at the medial malleolus?
• Unlike other hyperkinetic dyskinesias and epileptic seizures, tics may be temporarily suppressed.
• The anocutaneous reflex involves afferent and efferent pathways from which spinal segments?
• Which term describes a disease affecting multiple nerves, commonly seen in diabetic neuropathy with stocking-glove distribution?
• Lightly stroke the anus on both sides with a cotton-tipped applicator. Which reflex is this testing?
• Which action is performed by the Gastrocnemius and Soleus?
• In the Doll's Eyes Test, what is a normal eye movement when the head is rotated?
• Which gait is typically present with loss of position sense and a positive Romberg test?
• Which dermatome corresponds to the dorsum of the foot?
• Which tract transmits the sensation of vibration?
• Which of the following sets comprises standard meningeal signs?
• Which term describes the cumulative sensory input to the CNS from mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement?
• Scissors gait is most commonly associated with which condition?
• Which movement pattern is described by arms adducted and flexed with wrists and fingers flexed, and legs extended with internal rotation?
• Which tract carries the sensation of pain and temperature?
• Hyperreflexia of DTRs and clonus suggests a lesion in which neural pathway?
• What is the main difference between spasticity and rigidity?
• Fasciculations can be healthy, or signify which type of motor neuron disease?
• Spastic hemiparesis is best described as:
• Does the Romberg test assess cerebellar function?
• DTR score 1+ corresponds to which finding?
• If a corticospinal tract lesion is on the left side of the brain, the hypertonia is seen on the limbs of the:
• What is the normal finding in the pronator drift test?
• What term describes distribution of symptoms distributed along nerve root segments?
• Ankle clonus must be present to rate a reflex as which grade?
• Knee flexion is mediated by which nerve roots via the Hamstrings?
• What does muscle score 0 indicate?
• An abnormal pronator drift test suggests a lesion of which motor neuron in the corticospinal tract?
• During the general approach to deep tendon reflex testing, what should the patient do to prepare?
• Chorea is most commonly associated with which disease?
• Which gait arises from loss of position sense in the legs due to polyneuropathy or posterior column damage?
• Which statement best distinguishes chorea from tics?
• Which dermatome is on the pinky finger?
• What is the normal Babinski plantar response?
• Lower motor neuron lesions lead to what in the muscle?
• Paresis is defined as which clinical finding?
• Which elements are essential to ask when evaluating a possible seizure?
• Tics are associated with a premonitory feeling that is relieved by the tics.
• During the abdominal reflex test, a quick horizontal stroke toward the umbilicus elicits contraction of the abdominal muscles with the umbilicus deviating toward the stimulus. Which reflex is being tested?
• What is the abnormal finding observed during the asterixis test?
• Dermatomal distribution is best explained by involvement of which anatomical structure?
• Which movement disorder is characterized by slower, twisting, writhing movements with large amplitude, often involving the face and distal extremities?
• Which gait is associated with wide-based, unsteady gait with dysmetria and intention tremor?
• Which DTR score corresponds to hyperactive reflexes?
• A dermatomal distribution is most consistent with disease affecting which structure?
• In the Hoffman reflex, what type of response is seen with flexion of the terminal phalanx of the thumb or index finger?
• Which sign or test is primarily used to assess brainstem function in a coma by turning the head?
• Asterixis is commonly described on exam as what sign?
• An abnormality on which test shows slow, irregular, clumsy movements and is associated with cerebellar disease, basal ganglia disease, and upper motor neuron disease?
• Where are lower motor neurons located?
• Upper motor neuron lesions are associated with which descriptor?
• Approximately how many cycles per second does the classic resting tremor in Parkinson's disease occur?
• What instrument is commonly used to test temperature sensation?
• Wrist extension is primarily due to which nerve and muscles?
• Weakness affecting both legs is described as which term?
• The Babinski sign is used to assess which neural pathway?
• Shoulder abduction is primarily mediated by which nerve roots and muscle?
• Which option contains the sensory fibers that transmit the sensation of light touch?
• Pseudohypertrophy of a muscle is characteristic of which disease?
• Paralysis of one side of the body with the arm flaccid and the leg externally rotated describes which condition?
• The described balance test, performed with eyes closed to assess proprioception, is called what?
• To test __________ extremities, instruct your patient to relax their muscles. Hold one of your patient's hands with yours, while supporting the elbow, flex and extend the patient's fingers, wrist, elbow and put the shoulder through moderate range of motion. Perform on both sides
• Partial paralysis of one limb is called which term?
• If an arm is rigid, how does resistance to movement respond to changes in velocity or direction?
• Hip adductor weakness would most likely reflect involvement of which nerve roots?
• Ankle plantar flexion is mediated by which ligament root level via the Gastrocnemius and Soleus?
• An upper motor neuron lesion typically leads to which cluster of muscle signs?
• In Babinski test, what does upward toe indicate?
• Movements that are involuntary, brief, rapid, jerky, irregular, and unpredictable, involving distal limbs, trunk, and face, and that seldom repeat; this describes which disorder?
• Which tract controls all voluntary movement for speech production and descends from the motor cortex to terminate at cranial nerves?
• Which tract transmits pain and temperature sensations?
• Why do patients with spastic hemiparesis circumduct their leg when walking?
• Thenar atrophy suggests which condition?
• Which tool is used to rate level of consciousness in brain-injury patients?
• Which term is most associated with Parkinson's disease due to basal ganglia involvement?
• A wide-based stance with inability to stand with feet together regardless of eyes open or closed points to a lesion in which region?
• Which of the following is an arousal stimulus used in coma assessment?
• If the anocutaneous reflex is absent, which neural region is most likely affected?
• Which system is responsible for balance and coordinating movements of the eyes, head, and body?
• Brief, repetitive, stereotyped, coordinated movements occurring at irregular intervals are characteristic of which phenomenon?
• What does graphesthesia test evaluate?
• Monoplegia describes paralysis of how many limbs?
• DTR score 3+ corresponds to which finding?
• When prolonged inactivity results in the muscles getting smaller, what is this process called?
• Spasticity is primarily due to pathology in which tract?
• Which of the following is an example of a tic?
• Rapid alternating movements test primarily assesses which aspect of motor function?
• Testing _________ extremity, support the patient's thigh with one hand, grasp the foot with the other and flex and extend the patient's knee and ankle on each side
• Which test involves tracing a large number on the palm to identify it?
• Ankle dorsiflexion is mediated by which nerve roots via the Tibialis anterior?
• A positive Hoffman reflex is typically associated with involvement of which neural pathways?
• Loss of sensation or pain due to peripheral neuropathy commonly seen in diabetes is described as which distribution?
• In which population is the Doll's Eyes Reflex considered to be normal despite potential brain injury?
• Which statement best reflects the involvement of the corticospinal tract in a positive Babinski sign?
• Weakness localized to a single body region is best described as which term?
• To perform stereognosis testing, what should you do?
• Which event is transient with no dead tissue?
• In spastic hemiparesis, what is the typical posture of the ankle?
• Causes include Sydenham chorea and Huntington's disease. Which movement disorder does this pertain to?
• Which action constitutes reinforcement to increase reflex activity?
• Which system integrates all information to produce rhythmic movement and steady posture?
• Which seizures are triggered by brain irritants and are also known as psychogenic or pseudo-seizures?
• In sensory testing with a tuning fork, which statement is correct?
• Which tremor appears when maintaining a posture and can be seen in hyperthyroidism, anxiety, and benign essential tremor?
• Which gait pattern is typical in bilateral leg spasticity with adductor spasm?
• The Doll's Eyes Reflex may be normal in which group?
• Where do the corticospinal tracts cross over?
• Elbow extension involves which nerve roots and muscle?
• Knee extension is mediated by which nerve roots via the Quadriceps?
• Paralysis of all four limbs is called:
• Which movement disorder is characterized by sudden, rapid, recurrent motor tics that can be suppressed temporarily?
• Which action is performed by the Quadriceps muscle group?
• Weakness on one side of the body is called?
• Which dermatome is on the dorsum of the foot?
• Which nerve innervates the first dorsal interosseous muscle?
• Which gait is typically associated with foot drop and peripheral motor unit disease (neuropathy)?
• In Hoffman reflex testing, which movement constitutes a positive response when the terminal phalanx of the thumb or index finger is stimulated?
• Graphesthesia testing is typically performed with the patient’s eyes closed.
• Kernig sign is most commonly associated with which condition?
• Which dermatome is on the outer aspect of the forearm?
• The cremasteric reflex is elicited by stimulating the proximal inner thigh and causes elevation of the testicle on the same side. The reflex tests which nerve?
• What term describes the sense of body position and limb movement?
• Which finding is most closely associated with posterior column damage causing sensory ataxia?
• Doll's Eyes Test findings suggesting severe brainstem damage correspond to which option?
• Which event results in a persistent deficit due to brain injury?
• Stocking-glove distribution describes sensory loss in which condition?
• In Babinski test, downward toe indicates what?
• Which modalities are used to assess dorsal column function?
• Absence of strength ends in which suffix?
• Which statement corresponds to a muscle score of 5?